Macam-macam “Text” dalam Bahasa Inggris....

Kunci dasar pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris adalah Speaking, Reading, Listening and Writing. Pembahasan kali ini tentang reading. Jenis bacaan teks dalam Bahasa Inggris ada beberapa macam:

1.    Narrative Text adalah teks yang berisi cerita fiksi atau imaginatif untuk menghibur orang. Misalnya: cerita tentang binatang (fable), cerita rakyat (legenda), cerita fiksi dll.

Struktur narrative text adalah Orientation (pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu/ who,where,when); Complication (alur permasalahan yang muncul dalam cerita hingga klimaks); Resolution (Penyelesaian masalah, apakah happy ending atau sad ending). 

Example:

Snow White

     Once upon a time...In earlier times there lived a, who named Snow White . He lived with his aunt and uncle because his parents died. One day she heard her uncle and aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they wanted to go to America and they did not have enough money to take Snow White with them. Princess Snow White did not want her uncle and aunt to do this. So he decided to escape.

     The next day he ran away from home when her aunt and uncle were having breakfast, he fled into the wood. In the wood she felt very tired and hungry. Then she saw this cottage. She knocked, but no one answered her so she went inside and fell asleep Meanwhile, seven dwarfs came home from his work. They get into. There, they found Snow White woke up from his sleep. He saw the dwarfs. The dwarf said: " What is your name?  Snow White said, " My name is Snow White. " One dwarf said, " If you want, you can stay here with us. Snow White tells all about her story. Then daughter snow and the seven dwarves are now living happily ever after.

2.    Recount Text adalah teks yang menceritakan kembali tentang kejadian atau pengalaman di masa lampau. Misalnya: Jurnal harian, daily activity dll.

Struktur recount text adalah Orientation (pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu/ who,where,when); Events (alur cerita berupa what, why, how).

Example:

A Trip to Tanjung Setia Beach

Last year, at the end of the year, my wife and I decided to spend our holiday at Tanjung Setia beach, which located around 234 kilometers from Bandar Lampung. When we arrived at the beach, we were surprised to see the beautiful view of the beach.      

     After having a quick dip in the ocean, which was really cold and windy, we realized that there were not many people there. We thought that it happened because it was too windy there during that time but we finally realized that it was Christmas holiday so almost all of tourists who are used to spending time there went back to their country.

     After spending few times swimming in the beach, we bought some hot chips at the takeaway store nearby, and we rode our bikes down the beach for a while, on the hard, damp part of the sand.   The next day we visited Labuan Jukung beach. There, we were amazed to see the high wave owned by this beach. Because it was so high that no body was brave enough to surf on it that time.

     The third day there, we decided to go home when we finally made it back home, we were both totally exhausted because of the trip but we were so happy to travel such an amazing beach Lampung province has.

3.    Procedure Text adalah teks yang berisi panduan atau proses untuk melakukan serta membuat sesuatu. Misalnya: cara membuat cie, cara bermain petak umpet dll.

Struktur procedure text adalah The Goal Activity (judul aktivitas atau kegiatan yang akan dilakukan); Material Needed (bahan perlengkapan atau hal apa saja yang dibutuhkan untuk proses tersebut); Steps (penjelasan bagaimana proses atau langkahnya)

Example:

How to Make a Milkshake

A milkshake is a sweet, cold beverage which is usually made from milk, ice cream, or iced milk, and flavorings or sweeteners such as butterscotch, caramel sauce, chocolate sauce, or fruit syrup. If you want to make a delicious milkshake by your selves, then this is the way how to make it.

The ingredients that you need to make a milkshake are:

• 4 cups vanilla ice cream
• 2 cups milk
• 4 teaspoons chocolate sauce (optional)
• 1 cup fresh or frozen strawberries

Now, follow these steps to make a milkshake.

1. Place milkshake glasses into the freezer. Using cold glasses will help the shake stay cool to give you time to enjoy. Leave for up to an hour if possible.
2. Soften ice cream. It is easier to make a shake when the ice cream is slightly soft. Take the ice cream out of the freezer a few minutes before making your shake.
3. Place the ingredients into a blender. Mix the ice cream, milk and added flavors into the blender. Blend on high for one minute. Don’t leave in the blender for longer or the shake will melt quickly.
4. Pour shakes into frosty glasses. Take the glasses out of the freezer as soon as the blending is complete. Then pour the shake mixture in.
5. Drop a straw into the shake, then enjoy. You can sip a shake right from the glass but somehow the straw adds to the flavor and the experience.

If you do not have a blender, you may substitute with a mixer, but be careful as it could be messy. And if you do not have anything else to mix, just use a spoon, but let the ice cream thaw first to make the milkshake easier to mix. Enjoy your milkshake.

4.    Report Text adalah teks untuk menggambarkan sesuatu bisa berupa benda, manusia, tumbuhan, hewan dll yang masih sangat umum. Teks ini mirip dengan descriptive text, yang membedakan apabila recount text pembahasan secara umum atau keseluruhan. Misalnya, membahas tentang Candi maka dalam teks report yang perlu dijelaskan secara umum saja mengenai kegunaan candi, ada beberapa macam candi di Indonesia dll.

Struktur report text adalah General Classification (pengenalan suatu subjek laporan, keterangan secara umum); Description (memberikan gambaran fenomena yang terjadi atau penjabaran secara ilmiah)

Example:

Panda

     Panda bear is a standout amongst the most jeopardized creatures and on the edge of eradication. Anyway, a group of researchers has been framed around the backwoods in China to help spare the panda bear populace. This report will let you know about the panda bear and why they are imperiled.

     Pandas live in territories with a ton of different creatures yet have couple of foes. They lived in Southeast China. They live in the cool backwoods on the inclines of the dim mountains. There are a considerable measure of bamboo trees to eat.

     Pandas invest energy to eat for around 10 to 12 hours a day, around 40-80 kg. Panda nourishment comprises of 99% bamboo yet infrequently they eat different plants or meat furthermore nectar. Honey bee stings would not hurt Panda on the grounds that they have a tough skin. Pandas eat in a sitting position. Panda does not rest like other bear sorts.

Pandas just have one foe. Their foes are wild puppies. At the point when the wild canines assaulted them. Panda will climb trees to evade battles.

     Panda generation rate is truly low. Female pandas don’t breed until 5 to 7 years. Female pandas can just have up to 3 children at one time. The infant panda are as little as child cat. Children normally leave their mom following 18 months.

     Panda is imperiled in view of a few issues. First and foremost, the reproducing season just happens in the middle of March and May. Second, the panda living space is not sufficiently enormous. The latter is poaching. Some of the time the pandas stuck in the trap which is made for different creatures

     Presently you know the data about panda and why it is imperiled. The pandas ought to be helped and spared or these excellent creature will be terminated.

5.    Descriptive Text adalah teks yang menggambarkan sesuatu secara detail, spesifik atau khusus. Misalnya, membahas tentang Candi Prambanan maka perlu penjelasan seperti sejarahnya, bentuknya, letak tempatnya dll.

Struktur descriptive text adalah Identification (menggambarkan apa yang akan dibahas); Description (memberikan gambaran secara lebih detail).

Example:

Monas National Monument

     Monas National Monument is a 132-meter tower in the center of Merdeka Square, Central Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, is the capital of the state. It symbolizes the struggle for Indonesian independence of our country.

     The monument consists of a 117.7 m obelisk on a 45m square platform at a height of 17 m. Towering monument symbolizes the philosophy of Lingga and Yoni. Resembles a phallus, or pestle mortar pestle and Yoni resembles rice or mortar, two important things in the tradition of Indonesian agriculture.

     Construction began in 1961 under the direction of President Sukarno, the first president of the us and the monument was opened to the public in 1975. It is topped by a flame covered with gold foil, and now the monument calls.

6.    Discussion Text adalah teks yang memaparkan diskusi atau perdebatan suatu masalah dari sudut pandang yang berbeda (pro vs kontra).

Struktur discussion text adalah Issue (pemaparan topik atau hal-hal yang menarik tentang seputar untuk dijadikan pembahasan); Argument For or Against (penjelasan beberapa pandangan terhadap isu yang sedang dibahas terdapat beberapa opini pro dan kontra); Elaboration (menentukan pendapat mana yang lebih dipilih atau memberikan elaborasi tentang beberapa pendapat yang telah dipaparkan); Conclusion atau Recomendation (kesimpulan terhadap isu dengan harapan pembaca dapat setuju atau mengikuti pendapat yang telah didiskusikan).

Example:

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power

     Nuclear power is a kind power supply that is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. Nuclear power becomes the answer to produce clean and efficient energy that will make this world better. However, not all people agree with that. Some of them believe that nuclear power supply is dangerous. Pro-contra of building nuclear power supply becomes a major topic to discuss among society.

     Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:

• It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
• It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
• It produces small amount of waste.
• It is reliable.

     On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. If the nuclear power supply is leak off or blow up, the radiation can bring harm to any living being surrounding. Nuclear radiation is deadly which can make people physically defect. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.

     Nuclear power is a better alternative energy supply to replace fossil fuels energy supply. However, nuclear power is also dangerous if it is not built properly. In conclusion, nuclear power is the best answer to fulfill our needs of clean and efficient energy which is sustainable in the future. Government should make careful constructions and good maintains to make nuclear power save.

7.    News Item Text adalah teks yang memberikan informasi terbaru (terupdate dan teraktual) dimana informasi tersebut layak dan penting diberitakan.

Struktur news item text adalah Newsworthy Event (berita utama dari suatu peristiwa atau inti berita); Background Event (latar belakang peristiwa secara rinci melibatkan bagaimana dan mengapa peristiwa itu terjadi); Source (sumber yang memberikan informasi berkaitan dengan peristiwa tersebut).

Example:

Town Contaminated

     Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town. Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.

     The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered  up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.
     A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.

8.    Spoof Text adalah teks yang menjelaskan tentang kisah-kisah atau peristiwa lucu mirip dengan recount text.

Struktur spoof text adalah Orientation (pengenalan tokoh, latar dll); Events (peristiwa atau kejadian); Twist (ending cerita yang dianggap lucu atau tak terduga).

Example:

The Phone was Off

     Soon after he left college, Dave found one of his uncles who was very rich and had no children of his own died and left him a lot of money, so he decided to set up his own real estate agency.

     Dave found a nice office. He bought some new furniture and moved in. he had only been there for e few hours when he heard someone coming toward the door of his office.
“It must be my first customer” Dave thought. He quickly picked up the telephone and pretended to be very busy answering an important call from someone in New York who wanted to buy a big and expensive house in the country.

     The man knocked at the door while this was going on. He came in and waited politely for Dave to finish his conversation on the phone. Then the man said to Dave; “I am from the telephone company and I was sent here to connect your telephone”

9.    Explanation Text adalah teks yang berisi tentang proses yang berhubungan dengan fenomena-fenomena alam, sosial, ilmu pengetahuan, budaya dll.

Struktur explanation text adalah General Statement (penjabaran umum tentang fenomena yang akan dibahas); Squences of Explanation (penjabaran proses mengapa fenomena tersebut bisa terjadi atau tercipta); Closing (penutup penjelasan akhir dari rangkaian fenomena)

Example:

How Does Earthquake Happen?

     Earthquake is one of the most destroying natural disasters. Unluckily it often happens in several regions. Recently a horrible earthquake has shaken West Sumatra. It has brought great damages. Why did it occur? Do you know how an earthquake happens?

     Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves. It make the ground shake. When two two plates of rock are rubbing against each other, they stick a little. They don't just slide smoothly. The rocks are still pushing against each other, but not moving. 

     After a while, the rock plates break because of all the pressure that's built up. When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs. 

10.    Analytical Exposition Text adalah teks yang termasuk jenis argumen dimana teks tersebut berisi tentang pemikiran terperinci sebuah kejadian atau peristiwa yang ada di sekitar.

Struktur analytical exposition text adalah Thesis (topik atau ide yang akan dibahas); Arguments (pendapat yang mendukung ide pokok); Reiteration (kesimpulan dari artikel teks tersebut)

Example:

The Importance of Breakfast

     Why is breakfast important? “Breakfast like a King, Lunch like a Prince and Dine like a Pauper” It’s a well known phrase, but do you follow it?

Breakfast provides many benefits to our health and wellbeing. Breakfast provides the body and brain with fuel after an overnight fast – that’s where its name originates, breaking the fast! Without breakfast you are effectively running on empty, like trying to start the car with no petrol!

     Breakfast support cognitive function. Breakfast also restores glucose levels, an essential carbohydrate that is needed for the brain to function. Breakfast provides energy, studies have shown how eating breakfast can improve memory and concentration levels and it can also make us happier as it can improve mood and lower stress levels.

     Breakfast provides energy needs. People’s energy needs vary depending on activity levels and life stage but typically men require more energy than women. Growing children require a lot of energy, as an example boys aged 7-10 years should consume approximately 1970 kcals per day, and girls aged 7-10 years should consume approximately 1740 kcals.
Source: http://www.shakeupyourwakeup.com/why-is-breakfast-important.

11.    Hortatory Exposition Text adalah teks yang menyajikan argumen atau alasan untuk mendukung pendapat.

Struktur hortatory exposition text adalah Thesis (topik atau ide yang akan dibahas); Arguments (pendapat yang mendukung ide pokok); Recommendation (pernyataan tentang ajakan terhadap pembaca untuk melakukan sesuatu yang ada kaitannya tentang artikel tersebut).

Example:

Monitoring Kids While Watching TV

     Television becomes one of the most important devices which takes place in almost houses. It can unite all members of the family as well as separate them. However, is it important to know what your kids are watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely “Yes” and that should be done by all parents. Television can expose things you have tried to protect the children from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism and so on. Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or at bedtime often cause bed-time disruption, stress, and short sleep duration. Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive.

     Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight. Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with the following tips:

1. Limit television viewing to one-two hours each day.

2. Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their own bedrooms.

3. Review the rating of TV shows which your children watch.

4. Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening in the show.

12.    Review Text adalah teks untuk meninjau suatu karya, baik film buku dll untuk mengetahui kualitas film tentang kelebihan dan kekurangannya.

Struktur review text adalah Introduction (pengenalan terhadap gambaran umum sebuah karya yang akan ditinjau); Evaluation (gambaran detail dari sebuah karya  kelebihan, kekurangan, kualitas, keunikan); Interpretation (pendapat atau pandangan terhadap suatu karya).

Example:

The film’s title : Habibie & Ainun
Genre               : Romantic
Director           : Hanung Bramantyo
Production       : MD Entertainment
Cast                  : Reza Rahardian (BJ. Habibie), BCL (Ainun Habibie), Tio Pakusadewo (Soeharto) etc.

     Indonesian film industry finally awakened to offer quality movies. After a long time the people of Indonesia are served with horror film with semi-pornographic scenes. Film Habibie & Ainun produced by renowned director Hanung Bramantyo. This film is an adaptation of a novel by Mr. BJ. Habibie personal story about his life journey with his love Mrs. Ainun. The novel he wrote after the death of Alm. Ainun Habibie, as a mark of his very deep love for his wife.

     The film told about a leader and Indonesian intellect, Mr. BJ Habibie who tried to build up the nation. The film also tried to unite the romance between a marriage couple in a family with a bandage of nationalism spirit. The love story between Habibie and Ainun provided valuable lesson for all Indonesian society. The loyalty and sacrifice they gave to the nation offered a lot of lessons for us to continue their struggle.

     Their conflict and struggle to developed the nation presented in this film is able to make the audience cry, even the former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and his wife, Ani Yudhoyono shed tears when watching it for the first time.

     The biography of BJ Habibie and Ainun Habibie are elegantly presented. His science and ambition to create Indonesia Aircraft are the positive values and encourage us to be his successor.

     Unfortunately, this beautiful story of this film is a little tarnished by the unprofessional product ads. It is very disappointed advertisement. Although it is only a few seconds, but it still disturbs the story.

     Finally, for those who have a high spirit of nationalism and love romance must watch this film which is one of the best film ever created by the Indonesian.

13.    Anecdote Text adalah menceritakan kejadian masa lampau untuk menghibur pembaca yang tidak lazim agar membuat orang tertawa. Mirip penggabungan antara recount dengan spoof.

Struktur anecdote text adalah Abstract (mengenalkan suatu yang unik atau ganjil secara singkat sehingga mengundang perhatian pembaca); Orientation (memperkenalkan tokoh, latar dll); Crisis (menceritakan secara detail hal unik tersebut); Incident atau Reaction (menceritakan bagaimana pelaku memecahkan masalah atau keganjilan yang terjadi); Coda (kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik oleh pembaca biasanya mengundang tawa)

Example:

A foolish order

I was working in a photo store, which specializes in restoring old photographs.

One day, a lady brought an old picture of a man sitting behind a cow milk, milking it.

“Can you fix this picture for me?” she asked.

“Sure, what would you like us to do?”

“Can you move the cow?”

I stared at her astonishingly and replied, “Move the cow?”

“Right. I want to know what my great-grandfather looked like. That’s him.” she pointed to the feet sticking out under the cow.

“I don’t think we can do that.”

“Just move the cow over, and we’ll be able to see his face.” She insisted.

“I’m sorry. We don’t have the technology to do that.”

“Well, I think I’ll just take this somewhere else.”

Vocabulary adalah kosakata dasar dalam Bahasa Inggris yang harus dikuasai untuk menyusun sebuah kalimat. Dalam pembelajaran reading menguasai banyak kosakata itu sangat penting. Dalam membuat teks paragraf perhatikan pula grammar yang dipakai. Untuk contoh yang lain silahkan membaca buku tentang reading text atau searching melalui google.